So, we all know the influence the media has on females, to be skinny and blonde right? Maybe a bit of fake boob too, but I fail to believe this influence is solely from the media.

You ask most guys what they want in a woman through appearance… According to my own research through Y!A most stated they prefer curvy women (link here: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;… ) I also asked a question about if they prefer fake or real boobs, all the respondents stated they likes real and a couple complained that women are being too fake and don’t appreciate their natural beauty, one even stated that he doesn’t care about looks, that it’s the personality that counts (I was trying to find this question, but I think it got deleted for some reason , so I got an alternative http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;… )… The reason why I fail to believe these ideas, and find it deceiving is because the proof is in the pudding.

My first point is boyfriends: My sisters bf chooses to hang out with his slim blonde female friends over my sister. Her ex bf told her to loose weight, grow and colour her hair blonde (she weighed like 129lbs, around 59kg). My ex bf said that I would look better if I looked like Jessica alba. My current bf who always tells me that curves are beautiful and quotes “I like em think and juicy, so don’t Pilate nothing”, when he points out celebrities that he thinks are hot or other women (like on advertisements) they are slim and blonde (like that Brazilian from zumba cardio party), I’ve never seen him point out a curvy brunette.

My second point is that whenever I go to town I always see a guy with the slim girl, who packs the makeup on, on occasion I see a guy with the curvy girl. At the parties I’ve gone to, I’ve always seen the slim girls hook up with the guys and the generally the curvy girls is dancing with her friends all night, you never see a guy dancing with her either. There was this one girl who went to my high school. She was blonde, slim and german. At this party I went to all the guys were trying to have a turn with her and at school, boy did all their heads turn when she walked past them.

My third point.. popularity: you see, everywhere around the English speaking world, lets face it, the females who are popular amongst their peers are generally slim and blonde, weather it what you experience/see, or what the stereo type is. The stereotypical curvy girl appears an outcast, or you rarely see her as popular person, with all the guys drooling over her, such as the german girl at my school. (My sister said when she went to school knew some curvy girls who were popular, but the reason why they were popular is because they sold drugs). At this popular clothing store, Supre (Australia/new Zealand), where I live..all of the employees are skinny and most of them are blonde, usually unless you see a darker person working their. Apparently there was this rumor going around that they never hired people over a certain weight, apparently that is illegal, but I find that hard to believe because they never gave my friend a chance, even for an interview, who was curvy and brunette.

Breast implants: They say that real is better… what I don’t understand is that there are websites based on men who donate money to women who want breast implants, even if their breasts are a “good size” (link: http://myfreeimplants.com/about_us.asp) … men who donate money for random women who want fake breasts.. that just does not make sense to me, especially after asking males opinions of real vs fake!! My sister used to work as a stripper, She said that guys gave tips more to women who had fake breasts, especially the girls who were really petite, She also said that when she got blonde extensions she got more tips.. hmmm… She also said that on occasion would you get someone that’s curvy working for the strip joint (she worked for the white house, the biggest strip club in New Zealand, she also worked in Brisbane and New Caledonia)

……So my question is, why are males giving us mixed messages? (im not a feminist!!)

(when I say curvy im meaning Marilyn monroe, beyonce Knowles, the venus of vilendorph (goddess), aphrodite (goddess of love), Aretha Franklin.. anything on that scale)

A little about me so you know that I’m not basing this on my own self esteem:
Age:17
Weight: 128lbs 58kg
Cup size: naturally DD
Hair colour: I have been platinum blonde, but now im very dark
Curves as in: fat, or meat on thighs, hips, stomach, maybe large natural breasts.. as men say.. something to grab, or more cushin forthe pushin
thanks elle for your opinion..
i did state what i ment about curvy.. from beyonce, marilyn monroe to aretha franklin, aphrodite (athenian goddess of love, the only goddess of the greeks who actuallywas curvy) the ancient norweigians, the norse, most of their goddesses were big..im not meaning obese.. about the athletic, slim woman producing the better offspring, ive always heard different. I heard that males spycologically prefer woman with big hips and stomach because she can carry the baby better, keeping it safe within her, feeding it good nutrition, ive never heard of a person who is physically fit to determine how the baby will be, plus you can be big boned, curvy and still be fit, and you can be slim and not be fit
oh.. and in New Zealand we are very multi cultural, there are a lot fair haired, fair skined, but also the maori who are dark skined dark hair

So, we all know the influence the media has on females, to be skinny and blonde right? Maybe a bit of fake boob too, but I fail to believe this influence is solely from the media.

You ask most guys what they want in a woman through appearance… According to my own research through Y!A most stated they prefer curvy women (link here: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=Au4GejCkoM.HHoxNCKXse7Tsy6IX;_ylv=3?qid=20091206180030AAsUxQM ) I also asked a question about if they prefer fake or real boobs, all the respondents stated they likes real and a couple complained that women are being too fake and don’t appreciate their natural beauty, one even stated that he doesn’t care about looks, that it’s the personality that counts (I was trying to find this question, but I think it got deleted for some reason , so I got an alternative http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=AnKDve54kwH0vNCll6GT9CojzKIX;_ylv=3?qid=20090929020422AAuK0zg )… The reason why I fail to believe these ideas, and find it deceiving is because the proof is in the pudding.

My first point is boyfriends: My sisters bf chooses to hang out with his slim blonde female friends over my sister. Her ex bf told her to loose weight, grow and colour her hair blonde (she weighed like 129lbs, around 59kg). My ex bf said that I would look better if I looked like Jessica alba. My current bf who always tells me that curves are beautiful and quotes “I like em think and juicy, so don’t Pilate nothing”, when he points out celebrities that he thinks are hot or other women (like on advertisements) they are slim and blonde (like that Brazilian from zumba cardio party), I’ve never seen him point out a curvy brunette.

My second point is that whenever I go to town I always see a guy with the slim girl, who packs the makeup on, on occasion I see a guy with the curvy girl. At the parties I’ve gone to, I’ve always seen the slim girls hook up with the guys and the generally the curvy girls is dancing with her friends all night, you never see a guy dancing with her either. There was this one girl who went to my high school. She was blonde, slim and german. At this party I went to all the guys were trying to have a turn with her and at school, boy did all their heads turn when she walked past them.

My third point.. popularity: you see, everywhere around the English speaking world, lets face it, the females who are popular amongst their peers are generally slim and blonde, weather it what you experience/see, or what the stereo type is. The stereotypical curvy girl appears an outcast, or you rarely see her as popular person, with all the guys drooling over her, such as the german girl at my school. (My sister said when she went to school knew some curvy girls who were popular, but the reason why they were popular is because they sold drugs). At this popular clothing store, Supre (Australia/new Zealand), where I live..all of the employees are skinny and most of them are blonde, usually unless you see a darker person working their. Apparently there was this rumor going around that they never hired people over a certain weight, apparently that is illegal, but I find that hard to believe because they never gave my friend a chance, even for an interview, who was curvy and brunette.

Breast implants: They say that real is better… what I don’t understand is that there are websites based on men who donate money to women who want breast implants, even if their breasts are a “good size” (link: http://myfreeimplants.com/about_us.asp) … men who donate money for random women who want fake breasts.. that just does not make sense to me, especially after asking males opinions of real vs fake!! My sister used to work as a stripper, She said that guys gave tips more to women who had fake breasts, especially the girls who were really petite, She also said that when she got blonde extensions she got more tips.. hmmm… She also said that on occasion would you get someone that’s curvy working for the strip joint (she worked for the white house, the biggest strip club in New Zealand, she also worked in Brisbane and New Caledonia)

……So my question is, why are males giving us mixed messages? (im not a feminist!!)

(when I say curvy im meaning Marilyn monroe, beyonce Knowles, the venus of vilendorph (goddess), aphrodite (goddess of love), Aretha Franklin.. anything on that scale)

A little about me so you know that I’m not basing this on my own self esteem:
Age:17
Weight: 128lbs 58kg
Cup size: naturally DD
Hair colour: I have been platinum blonde, but now im very dark
Experience: I used to weigh 165lbs 75kg.. I was teased that I was fat, I had not been with a guy since I started loosing my weight. Now that ive lost all that weight, and I have a “hot body” ive been getting so much more male attention. Im happy with the weig

• ISBN13: 9781400080540
• Condition: NEW
• Notes: Brand New from Publisher. No Remainder Mark.

Product Description
Blithely flinging aside the Victorian manners that kept her disapproving mother corseted, the New Woman of the 1920s puffed cigarettes, snuck gin, hiked her hemlines, danced the Charleston, and necked in roadsters. More important, she earned her own keep, controlled her own destiny, and secured liberties that modern women take for granted. Her newfound freedom heralded a radical change in American culture.

Whisking us from the Alabama country club where Zelda Sayre first caught the eye of F. Scott Fitzgerald to Muncie, Indiana, where would-be flappers begged their mothers for silk stockings, to the Manhattan speakeasies where patrons partied till daybreak, historian Joshua Zeitz brings the era to exhilarating life. This is the story of America’s first sexual revolution, its first merchants of cool, its first celebrities, and its most sparkling advertisement for the right to pursue happiness.

The men and women who made the flapper were a div… More >> Flapper: A Madcap Story of Sex, Style, Celebrity, and the Women Who Made America Modern

How To Pick Up Women: A Guide For The Asian Man.

A source mentioned that the co-stars said that, “all of them were in good spirits, as their smiles showed.” Nicole and her husband were even able to visit the Grand Palais Museum with Sunday Rose, before they left France (prior to visiting Madrid). Once Nicole Kidman and her co-star Hugh Jackman arrived in Madrid, they headed straight to the Kinepolis cinema for their movie premiere.

“Australia”, an epic film set in the time before World War II in Australia, was directed by critically-acclaimed film director Baz Luhrmann (also known for such films as Moulin Rouge and Romeo + Juliet). The film, which recently started showing in theaters in the United States, is about “an English aristocrat who inherits a sprawling ranch reluctantly pacts with a stock-man in order to protect her new property from a takeover plot. As the pair drive 2,000 head of cattle over unforgiving landscape, they experience the bombing of Darwin, Australia, by Japanese forces firsthand.” Nicole even said, when asked about her role in the movie, “I got pretty good at cutting cattle, and I loved cracking the stock whip!  It’s a hard thing for a woman to do, but I did it. I loved being dirty. I loved being sweaty in this film.”

Nicole, in line with fulfilling her UNIFEM Goodwill Ambassador duties, is also busy promoting the Internet-based petition for “Say No to Violence against Women” campaign. According to her, over five million people have put their names on the petition and said, “We thought that the more names we collected, the stronger our case to make ending violence against women a top priority for governments everywhere,” Kidman proudly proclaimed. She added, “Well, the results are in. We’ve tallied the numbers from Bangkok and Tanzania, from Ecuador to Fiji, from Jordan to India. I am so delighted to announce that they have far, far, surpassed our goal.”

Understanding Japanese Women: Complete Guide To Dating Japanese Women.

Being George Clooney might make some cringe, but there are a lot of perks that come with it…

A former nanny told The National Enquirer that Angelina Jolie hates George Clooney. If it’s true, she’s the only woman on earth.

George Clooney is a star in the classic sense. A ringer for Cary Grant, he would be as comfortable drinking martinis with Frank Sinatra as he would be sharing a bottle of whisky with Daniel Day-Lewis. Time magazine called him “The Last Movie Star,” and we’d agree. He wears his celebrity easily and doesn’t complain about being in the public eye. While other celebrities are worried about seeming aloof enough, he’s open, friendly and direct. From what we can tell, George Clooney has a great life and appreciates it.

George Clooney is a guy’s guy who drives a motorcycle and doesn’t dye his hair. He doesn’t go on fad diets, he grows a beard from time to time and women adore him for all of the above.

Learn what being George Clooney is about and you’re bound to drive women wild.

Know how to laugh at yourself

It’s widely rumored that George Clooney is the person who circulated “Jesus vs. Santa” (the video greeting card that birthed the show South Park). When the cartoon became a series, Clooney agreed to guest star as Stan Marsh’s gay dog Sparky. He had no dialogue and only made dog noises. When the show’s creators later lampooned him for being too political in Team America, Clooney laughed it off and said he would have been offended if he hadn’t been a target. Seeing how well he reacted, the press began asking if he’d consider running for office and he replied honestly: “No. I’ve slept with too many women, I’ve done too many drugs and I’ve been to too many parties.” Instead of trying to be a “star” in interviews, he laughs at his own celebrity. He joked that Leatherheads was “cry for peace.” When asked about reconciling George Clooney the actor and George Clooney the director, he said: “There’s a lot of ego there… so I just take it out on the actors.”

Being George Clooney: George Clooney is great example of putting your ego in check. The worst thing you can do when someone teases you is to get angry. It proves you’re sensitive to their jabs because you’re not comfortable with yourself. Clooney knows he’s the sh*t, so he can joke about himself. Being George Clooney means that if someone teases you about wearing the same T-shirt too often, you have to laugh it off and say that it proves you’re not afraid of serious relationships… at least with clothing. Similarly, if things aren’t going well on a date, you’ll exasperate things by getting frustrated. Put a smile on your face and crack a joke. Even if it doesn’t fix things with your date, you may fool yourself into having a better time.

Stand by your ideals

Celebrities who make a show of being political annoy people, but George Clooney actually walks the walk. On January 31, 2008, the United Nations selected him to promote global awareness of its activities and named him a “Messenger of Peace.” He’s a true environmentalist, owning the first Tango electric car and, more recently, the electric Tesla Roadster. Some would argue that it’s easy to stand by convictions when you’re famous. However, before his hit show ER, Clooney quit Baby Talk, the TV version of Look Who’s Talking, because he felt an actress was being unfairly humiliated. He recalled the event for People: “I remember calling my agent and I said, ‘What happens if I walk away from this? Do I end my career? He said, ‘I don’t know.’ And I thought, ‘It’s worth it.’”

Being George Clooney: No woman likes a man with weak convictions. Even if she doesn’t agree with you, she’ll respect you more if you don’t waffle on beliefs. Likewise, standing up for others isn’t easy, particularly when your career is on the line, but you’ll sleep better at night. Being George Clooney will require you to be an upright citizen.

Be comfortable in your bachelordom

A woman will say she doesn’t like a guy who never wants to marry… but she’ll try to change his mind. Clooney has said he’ll never marry again or have kids. Michelle Pfeiffer and Nicole Kidman each bet him $10,000 that he would change his mind before he turned 40. They both lost and sent checks. However, being George Clooney, he returned the money, saying he’d like to go double or nothing until 50. This is just the kind of reaction that makes women throw themselves at him even more now.

Being George Clooney: The lesson here is not to remain single forever. It’s about being comfortable in your situation. Once you get desperate to lock down a girlfriend, women will see right through you. However, if you don’t want anything serious, be honest about it up front. Women have moved past the 1950s and aren’t just looking for a husband. If she is looking for an engagement ring, you’re more tempting if you’re comfortable in your skin and she’ll probably work harder to change your mind. Just remain honest and don’t give in unless she really does change your mind.

Embrace age

Salt-and-pepper George told Playboy: “You don’t want to try to look younger because you’ll look wrong. You dye your hair, you look wrong. You wear a bad toupee, you look wrong. You wear makeup to hide things, you get your eyes done, you look wrong.” It’s good advice because as George Clooney has grown older, his female fan base has grown. At 45 years old, People named him “Sexiest Man Alive” for the second time. He stays fit, but doesn’t obsess over the gym because there’s nothing less attractive than creepy old buff guy. Have you seen the latest Rambo?

Being George Clooney: The great thing about being a man is that they get more attractive as they get older. That doesn’t mean you get to let yourself go; you still have to work out, dress well and maintain, which gets harder with age. The lesson is not to highlight your hair, not to shop at stores with teenagers, and not to “get your chin worked on.”

Dress well

George Clooney regularly makes best-dressed lists and Vanity Fair recently inducted him into its International Best-Dressed Hall of Fame. His style is strong, doesn’t follow trends, and fits his personality, which is classic yet modern. He looks stylish walking into a trendy nightclub, but could just as easily step into a Mad Men scene. His signature outfit, a well-cut suit worn without a tie and open collar, is refined but not stuffy. Rather than trying to insert his personality into his outfit, Clooney prefers to leave it to the understated details: his clean-cut hair, calm smile and rock-like demeanor.

Keep your outfits simple and respectable. You don’t have to wear a suit like Clooney, but a pair of designer jeans and a well-fitting black T-shirt will do wonders. Take a little extra time before you go out to make sure you look pulled-together. Above all, don’t cater to every trend. Don’t cut your hair into a faux hawk one minute and wear a do-rag the next. Being George Clooney means that you remain consistent.

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ABSTRACT

Women constitute almost 50% of the world’s population. As per as their social status is concerned, they are not treated as equal to men in all the places. Empowering may be understood as enabling people, especially women to acquire and possess power resources, in order to make decision on their own or resist decisions that are made by others that affect them. A person may said to be powerful when he/she has control over a large portion of power resources in society. The extent of possession of various resources such as personal wealth, such as land skills, education, information, knowledge, social status, position held, leadership trains, capabilities of mobilization.

It is now widely believed that empowerment of women i.e., providing equal rights, opportunities and responsibilities to women, will go a long way in removing the existing gender discrimination. Women empowerment in contemporary Indian society in forms of their work, education, health and media images in the forms of

their work, education, health and media images in the context of lineage, rule of residence and household chores, their context of lineage, rule of residence and household chores, their participation in social and political activities, their legal status in terms of marriage, divorce and inheritance of property, seeking wealth care should be taken into consideration. Empowerment in terms of knowledge and awareness of ones own life and society including legal raise their status with regarded to the lives. While empowerment deals with her or his expectation arising out of the situation. Similarly, a role deals with duties and obligations wile empowerment deals with rights. For instance, it is commonly assumed that the most is a woman, a wife a cook, a teacher of her children and daughter-in-law and so on.

Introduction

Women constitute almost 50% of the world’s population. As per as their social status is concerned, they are not treated as equal to men in all the places, through in the western countries women are treated on par with men in most of the fields, their counterpart in the east suffers from many disabilities. The disabilities on the one hand and the inequalities between men and women on the other, have given rise to what is known “Gender problem”. All one the world and particularly in South and East Asia and Africa the gender problem has assumed importance during the recent years the gender issue has become virtually a crucial point of argument. It is now widely believed that empowerment of women i.e., providing equal rights, opportunities and responsibilities to women, will go a long way in removing the existing gender discrimination. Women empowerment in contemporary Indian society in forms of their work, education, health and media images in the forms of their work, education, health and media images in the context of lineage, rule of residence and household chores, their context of lineage, rule of residence and household chores, their participation in social and political activities, their legal status in terms of marriage, divorce and inheritance of property, seeking wealth care should be taken into consideration. Empowerment in terms of knowledge and awareness of ones own life and society including legal raise their status with regarded to the lives.

Meaning

Before thinking about the empowerment of women, one needs to understand the exact meaning of the word empowerment. According to Cambridge English Dictionary empowerment means “to authorize”. In the context of the people they have to be authorized to have control over their lives. When applied in the context of development the particular segment of population, the poor, the women, the vulnerable, the weak, the oppressed and the discriminated have to be “empowered” to have control over their lives to better their socioeconomic and political conditions,. But the questions raised are, who empowers them and how to empower them? Ideally speaking no one empowers any one, the best way us ‘self empowerment’, by the segments of population mentioned above are handicapped both structurally and culturally to empower themselves without any outside help and affirmative action by the State and others. But still as long as these segments of population does not make any effort at self employment. It would be long and arduous task and process for the outsiders to empower them.

Role of women in development process

The principal of gender equality was recognized in the United Nations Charter in 1945 and the UN Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the majority of development planners did not fully address the role of women in development process. In 1975, the first UN Conference of Women and Development was held

at maxico city under the motto, “Equality, Development and peace”. The need to integrate women into development was internationally proclaimed in the 1995 Bejing Conference. The Economic Survey (1999-2000) used an entire section on

gender inequality. It began with a reminder of the commitment made in the ninth plan document of allocating 30 per cent of resources for women’s development schemes through “Women’s Component Plans”. According to Menon and Probhu (2001), there was a strong plea for investing in women’s equality on the ground that this made economic sense and spoke of “the social rate of return on investment in women” being greater that the corresponding rate for men. According to Paten (2002), women’s development can be attained by improving here status and bargaining power in the economy.

Sushma Sachay (1998) argues that approaches and strategic for women

empowerment could be possible by outlining the mechanisms and tools that till

influence for women empowerment. Decisions making process, multidimensional

process that are enable worn to realize their full identity and powers in all walks

of life.

Concept of Women Empowerment

Empowering may be understood as enabling people, especially women to acquire and possess power resources, in order to make decision on their own or resist decisions that are made by others that affect them. A person may said to be powerful when he/she has control over a large portion of power resources in society. The extent of possession of various resources such as personal wealth, such as land skills, education, information, knowledge, social status, position held, leadership trains, capabilities of mobilization.

The National Policy on Education (1986) suggested certain strategies to empower women. Accordingly, women become empowered through collective reflections and decision making enable them to become agency of social change.

The global conference on Women Empowerment (1988), highlighted empowerment as the best way of making own partners in development the development of women and children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) program was initiated as a sub scheme of the national wide poverty alleviation program i.e., the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP). It aims at imparting self reliance to rural areas through income generating skill s along with group organization skills. Keeping this in view the year 2001 was celebrated as “The Women’s Empowerment Year”. Human resource development and empowerment of women unlock the door for modernization of society,. Instated of remaining as passive beneficiaries, women must become active partner. Participation and control over resources of power are considered as the critical indicators in the process of development discharged women especially in rural areas, possess the least proportion of these resources and as a result they are powerless and dependent on the powerful and wealthy.

Role and Empowerment

We will now realize the vital importance of the terms such as role, empowerment and function for an understanding of society. These terms tell us how individual and groups organize themselves as well as relate to each other. Very simple, role tells us about what is expected from individuals in a particular situation. While empowerment deals with her or his expectation arising out of the situation. Similarly, a role deals with duties and obligations wile empowerment deals with rights. For instance, it is commonly assumed that the most is a women, a wife a cook, a teacher of her children and daughter-in-law and so on. What happens when the mother is also the principal of the local village school? Not only does she have to deal with a range of roles and empowerments, but also with he tensions that may raise out of her ole s mother and her role as an administrator.

“Woman reposes more closely on the central surface of life, while man hunts it in the boundaries of existence, always concerned to overcome, and in the last analysis, to kill. A woman has a secret alliance with eternal life and man with the principle of death. Woman wants to embrace the contradiction of life and to reconcile them in the act of degree so. Man on the other hand release the tension between opposites by annihilating one of the sides, the one he finds unpleasant. He seeks the solution not in love and reconciliation, but in over coming and annihilation. He has a militant and not an erotic manner. The male principle borne of isolation, makes solitude thermal, seeks being in itself and disturbs life as a wholes his being is battle and self service, his willto- life is concerned with ascertaining his own person or overthrowing that of the stranger until the motive of salvation kindles with in him. Woman with her sustaining constitutions is at one and is harmony with the basis of the world. But man wants to change the world to bring it forward to overcome it”.

Women’s Empowerment in Contemporary India

Contemporary Indian society has been exposed to the broad processes of social transformation, agricultural modernization and economic development, urbanization and globalization. However, these processes have generated regional imbalances, sharpened class inequalities and augmented the gender disparities. Hence, women have become critical symbols of these growing imbalances. All these have affected adversely the various aspects of women’s empowerment in the contemporary Indian society. The family and women’s work is not enough to say that any society consists of men and women. It is equally important to look at how the two groups of people interact, as well as at the role and exceptions each group has of the other. Such roles and exceptions are a product of the stereotypes of each gender. By gender stereotype we mean attributes and qualities commonly associated with a gender. Thus, the first idea on gender role differences, which a child acquires, is that of women of one’s family marrying and leaving their homes to leave with different groups of people. Secondly, men appear to exercise far greater influence in decision making and are far more visible and audible than their wives. Third most of the tasks within the home are done by the mother, grandmother, sisters and so on. At meal times they carry food to the fields for the men. All these tasks, which consume time and energy, are not counted as work and there is no payment involved. In western countries, women’s groups, politicians and other concerned individuals have been arguing for payment for house work and childcare. In India, the question of payment for household jobs has not really been an important issue or demand. As we shall see, there are many other issues, which require urgent attention. At the same time, it is important for us to remember that non-payment should not also mean non-recognition. The fact that women are expected to perform all these tasks as a part of their conventional roles and on special merit is awarded to them for these tiring and tiresome jobs.

Women’s work participation

As per to 1981 figures 19.7 per cent Indian women were recorded as paid workers. Of whom over 87 per cent were in the unrecognized or informal sector of the economy. The work participation rate woman in 1991and 2001 was 22.3 and 25.7 per cent respectively. The increase in the work participation of women during the decade 1991-2001 is mainly due to the increase in the proportion of marginal workers (6.3 per cent to 11 per cent) in total female work force. It is held

by many observation of Indian economy that without women’s paid or unpaid labour the Indian agricultural economy would not be able to function. In the informal sector, there is no legal redressal for problems; no maternity or other leave benefits and little security of service. Working long hours as domestic servants, stitching clothes for the garment export industry, working on the assembly line of small electronics manufacturing units or the beedi, tobacco, cashew nut factories. A woman lives in fear of retrenchment, exploitation and low

wages.

Women’s Self-perception

According to Maithreyi Krishna Raj that though women were concerned about continuing their jobs, they were not looking for better prospects nor have they begun with a long-range carrier strategy. Once in a job, women rarely attempted to acquire further qualifications was by no means clear-cut. T.S. Papola’s study of workingwomen, which covered a range from those in supervisory post in industrial establishments to unskilled workers, showed that women were more different than men in respect of their promotion prospects.

Employer’s Attitude

Papol’s study showed that women were discriminated against at the time of promotions tended to be crowded into lower status electrical and primary school jobs. They were rarely promoted to executive and supervisory posts. As regards employment and promotion to supervisory category, male employers defend themselves by pointing out that women did not come forth to be recruited or promoted.

Traditional Positions of Authority in Urban Areas

In the urban areas, the working class, and men in particular have a wide range of job options available to them. The study by Leela Kasturi shows that when unemployed weavers from Tamil Nadu migrant to Delhi, the women folk found jobs only as domestic servants. While men become mechanics, cooks or drivers. The shift in residence meant a severance with an established way of life and the support of the extended family.

Working Conditions

For the majority of working class women, a job is essential. In relation to the limited chances for occupational mobility, when men and women work in the same occupation, female tasks are often the more arduous and time consuming. For instance, in paddy cultivation they spend long hours in sowing, weeding transplanting. In Kerala the extraction of the cashew seed from a corrosive liquid is women’s work. Again when both sexes do identical jobs, women often get paid

less than man. Protests are rare, apart from ignorance of legal and other rights; there is a fear of exploitation and sexual harassment by the landlord or contractor.

Traditional Role Expectations

Irrespective of social class there is at the level of belief, widespread commitment to the nation that a women’s job just not interfere or compete with her primary role of wife and mother. There is also concern with her physical safety and the respectability of the occupation. Clearly, working class familiar are far less able to ensure circumstances. NGO’s SHGs have been working to promote women more viable towards social, political, economic and cultural development micro finance is a significant factor and accessible to small and micro enterprises, socio-economic progress of poor women. Education and training also plays a major role in changing the life of poor women. The several institutions have been extending all types of vocational training, income generating activities and self-employment activities for poor women.

Empowerment of women is mainly related to their participation in decision making with regard to raising and distribution of resources i.e., income, investments and expenditures at all levels. Even though the Government of Karnataka has formulated and implemented various schemes of the social economic and overall development of the rural women, when the present position

of women is taken into account these schemes do not appear effective in enhancing the confidence and capability of the women. Empowering the poor women in rural areas to sustain their surrounding ecology is a necessity not only to stoop the ecological degradation but also for the physical survival of poor people. Almost every village in India has what is called “Common Property Resources (CDPs). Common Property Resources can be defined as “those resources, which are exploited by all people in the village free of cost by expending their labour.

References:

1. Chiranjeevulu, T. (2003). Empowering Women through Self-Help Groups – Experiences in Experiment, Kurukshetra, March.

2. Gopalan, Sarala (2002). Towards Equality – The Unfinished Agenda. Status of Women in India, National Commission for Women, New Delhi.

3. Kapadia, Karin (2002). The Violence of Development: The Politics of Identity, Gender and Social Inequalities in India. Kali for Women, New Delhi.

4. Krishnaraj, Maithreyi (2002). Growth and Rural Poverty. Economic and Political Weekly, September 21.

5. Manohar, Sujatha (2002). Women’s Empowerment – Law and Gender Justice. Paper Presented in the International Women’s Day, 8th March 2001. Department of Women and Child Development, New Delhi.

6. Sarkar, C.R. (2004). Poverty, Education and Economic Development.

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